Development of multiplex-PCR systems for genes related to flour colour in Chinese autumn-sown wheat cultivars
Main Article Content
Keywords
common wheat, functional markers, multiplexed PCR system, lipoxygenase gene, phytoene synthase gene, polyphenol oxidase gene, ζ-carotene desaturase gene
Abstract
In wheat kernel, multiple gene loci, Psy-A1, Psy-B1, TaZds-A1, TaZds-D1, TaLox-B1, Ppo-A1 and Ppo-D1 are implicated in the expression of flour colour traits. In this study, eight functional markers, covering seven gene loci, were used to develop three multiplexed polymerase chain reaction (PCR) systems for marker-assisted selection (MAS) of desirable flour colour, i.e. PCR-I (YP7B-1/YP7B-2/YP2A-1), PCR-II (YP2D-1/PPO18) and PCR-III (YP7A/LOX18/STS01). Genotyping of 20 control wheat cultivars by these multiplex-PCR systems completely matched the results from the eight single PCR amplifications. Multiplex-PCR typing was successfully established for a total of 155 Chinese autumn-sown wheat cultivars. In multiplexed PCR-I, the occurring frequencies for three alleles (Psy-B1a, Psy-B1b and Psy-B1c) at the Psy-B1 locus were 33.5, 58.7, and 7.7%; while two alleles (TaZds-A1a and TaZds-A1b) at TaZds-A1 were 40.0 and 60.0%, respectively. In multiplexed PCR-II, the occurring frequencies, TaZds-D1a and TaZds-D1b (98.7 and 1.3%) at the TaZds-D1 locus, Ppo-A1a and Ppo-A1b (39.4 and 60.6%) at the Ppo-A1 locus were obtained, respectively. In multiplexed PCR-III, the occurring frequencies for two predominant alleles at each locus was obtained, Psy-A1a and Psy-A1b (55.5 and 44.5%) at Psy-A1 locus, TaLox-B1a and TaLox-B1b (29.7 and 70.3%) at TaLox-B1 locus, Ppo-D1a and Ppo-D1b (45.8 and 54.2%) at Ppo-D1 locus, respectively. The multiplexed PCRs developed in this study are useful for MAS for wheat flour colour improvement. The genotyping results obtained in this study provide valuable information for DNA-based identification of wheat cultivars.
References
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Beecher, B.S., Carter, A.H. and See, D.R., 2012. Genetic mapping of new seed-expressed polyphenol oxidase genes in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Theoretical and Applied Genetics 124: 1463-1473.
Cong, L., Wang, C., Chen, L., Liu, H.J., Yang, G.X. and He, G.Y., 2009. Expression of phytoene synthase1 and carotene desaturase crtI genes result in an increase in the total carotenoids content in transgenic elite wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Journal of Agricultural Food Chemistry 57: 8652-8660.
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Crosbie, G.B., Huang, S. and Barclay, I.R., 1998. Wheat quality requirements of Asian foods. Euphytica 100: 155-156.
Della Penna, D. and Pogson, B.J., 2006. Vitamin synthesis in plants: tocopherols and carotenoids. Annual Review of Plant Biology 57: 711-738.
Demeke, T., Morris, C.F., Campbell, K.G., King, G.E., Anderson, J.A. and Chang, H.G., 2001. Wheat polyphenol oxidase. Crop Science 41: 1750-1757.
Dong, C.H., Ma, Z.Y., Xia, X.C., Zhang, L.P. and He, Z.H., 2012. Allelic variation at the TaZds-A1 locus on wheat chromosome 2A and development of a functional marker in common wheat. Journal of Integrative Agriculture 11:1067-1074.
Fan, Q.Q., Gao, J., Huang, C.Y., Li, G.Y., Li, Y.L., Liu, A.F., Sui, X.X., Chu, X.S. and Cheng, D.G., 2012. Analysis of flour whiteness in wheat germplasm conserved in Shandong province. Journal of Plant Genetic Resources 13: 363-369.
Fu, B.X., 2008. Asian noodles: history, classification, raw materials, and processing. Food Research International 41: 888-902.
Geng, H.W., 2010. Mapping QTLs for lipoxygenase activity and development of functional markers for LOX gene in common wheat. PhD thesis, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Xinjiang, China P.R.
Geng, H.W., Xia, X.C., Zhang, L.P., Qu, Y.Y. and He, Z.H., 2012. Development of functional markers for a lipoxygenase gene on chromosome 4BS in common wheat. Crop Science 52: 568-576.
Geng, H.W., Zhang, Y., He, Z.H., Zhang, L.P., Appels, R., Qu, Y.Y. and Xia, X.C., 2011. Molecular markers for tracking variation in lipoxygenase activity in wheat breeding. Molecular Breeding 28: 117-126.
Goutam, U., Kukreja, S., Tiwari, R., Chaudhury, A., Gupta, R.K., Dholakia, B.B. and Yadav, R., 2013. Biotechnological approaches for grain quality improvement in wheat: present status and future possibilities. Australian Journal of Crop Science 7: 469-483.
Hart, G.E. and Langston, P.J., 1977. Chromosomal location and evolution of isozyme structural genes in hexaploid wheat. Heredity 39: 263-277.
He, X.Y., 2008. Cloning of genes associated with grain polyphenol oxidase activity and yellow pigment content in common wheat and its relatives and development of functional markers. PhD thesis, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China P.R.
He, X.Y., He, Z.H., Ma, W.J., Appels, R. and Xia, X.C., 2009. Allelic variants of phytoene synthase 1 (Psy1) genes in Chinese and CIMMYT wheat cultivars and development of functional markers for flour colour. Molecular Breeding 23: 553-563.
He, X.Y., He, Z.H., Zhang, L.P., Sun, D.J., Morris, C.F., Fuerst, E.P. and Xia, X.C., 2007. Allelic variation of polyphenol oxidase (PPO) genes located on chromosomes 2A and 2D and development of functional markers for the PPO genes in common wheat. Theoretical and Applied Genetics 115: 47-58.
He, X.Y., Zhang, Y.L., He, Z.H., Wu, Y.P., Xiao, Y.G., Ma, C.X. and Xia, X.C., 2008. Characterization of phytoene synthase 1 gene (Psy1) located on common wheat chromosome 7A and development of a functional marker. Theoretical and Applied Genetics 116: 213-221.
He, Z.H., Liu, A.H., Peña, R.J. and Rajaram, S., 2003. Suitability of Chinese wheat cultivars for production of northern style Chinese steamed bread. Euphytica 131:155-163.
He, Z.H., Xia, X.C. and Bonjean, A.P., 2010a. Wheat improvement in China. In: He, Z. and Bonjean, P.A. (eds.) Cereals in China. CIMMYT, Mexico, Mexico, pp. 51-68.
He, Z.H., Xia, X.C. and Zhang, Y., 2010b. Breeding noodle wheat in China. In: Hou, G.G. (ed.) Asian noodles: science, technology, and processing. Wiley, Hoboken, NJ, USA, pp. 1-23.
Hessler, T.G., Thomson, M.J., Benscher, D., Nachit, M.M. and Sorrells, M.E., 2002. Association of a lipoxygenase locus, Lpx-B1, with variation in lipoxygenase activity in durum seeds. Crop Science 42: 1695-1700.
Hirschberg, J., 2001. Carotenoid biosynthesis in flowering plants. Current Opinion in Plant Biology 4: 210-218.
Howitt, C.A., Cavanagh, C.R., Bowerman, A.F., Cazzonelli, C., Rampling, L., Mimica, J.L. and Pogson, B.J., 2009. Alternative splicing, activation of cryptic exons and amino acid substitutions in carotenoid biosynthetic genes are associated with lutein accumulation in wheat endosperm. Functional & Integrative Genomics 9: 363-376.
Jimenez, M. and Dubcovsky, J., 1999. Chromosome location of genes affecting polyphenol oxidase activity in seeds of common and durum wheat. Plant Breeding 118: 395-398.
Kuchel, H., Langridge, P., Mosionek, L., Williams, K. and Jefferies, S.P., 2006. The genetic control of milling yield, dough rheology and baking quality of wheat. Theoretical and Applied Genetics 112: 1487-1495.
Kumar, P., Yadava, R.K., Gollen, B., Kumar, S., Verma, R.K. and Yadav, S., 2011. Nutritional contents and medicinal properties of wheat: a review. Life Sciences and Medicine Research 22: 1-10.
Li, W.L., Faris, J.D., Chittoor, J.M., Leach, J.E., Hulbert, S.H., Liu, D.J., Chen, P.D. and Gill, B.S., 1999. Genomic mapping of defense response genes in wheat. Theoretical and Applied Genetics 98: 226-233.
Liavonchanka, A. and Feussner, I., 2006. Lipoxygenases: occurrence, functions and catalysis. Journal of plant physiology 163: 348-357.
Lindgren. L.O., Stalberg, K.G. and Hoglund, A.S., 2003. Seed-specific overexpression of an endogenous Arabidopsis phytoene synthase gene results in delayed germination and increased levels of carotenoids, chlorophyll, and abscisic acid. Plant Physiology 132: 779-785.
Liu, J.J., He, Z.H., Jiang, S.T., Zhu, L.X., Wu, X.Y. and Zhao, Z.D., 2002. Study on flour whiteness and its correlated factors of wheat commercial varieties. Shandong Agricultural Sciences 34: 10-12.
Liu, Y.N., He, Z.H., Appels, R. and Xia, X.C., 2012. Functional markers in wheat: current status and future prospects. Theoretical and Applied Genetics 125: 1-10.
Ma, W.J., Zhang, W. and Gale, K.R., 2003. Multiplex-PCR typing of high molecular weight glutenin alleles in wheat. Euphytica 134: 51-60.
Maphosa, L., 2013. Genetic control of grain quality in bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) grown under a range of environmental conditions. PhD thesis, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia.
Mares, D.J. and Campbell, A.W., 2001. Mapping components of flour and noodle colour in Australian wheat. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 52: 1297-1309.
Mares, D.J. and Panozzo, J.F., 1999. Impact of selection for low grain polyphenol oxidase activity on darkening in Asian noodles. In: Williamson, P., Banks, P., Haak, I., Thompson, J. and Campbell, A. (eds.) Proceedings of the 9th Assembly Wheat Breeding Society of Australia, September 27 – October 1, 1999, Toowoomba, Australia, pp. 32-33.
Mayer, A.M. and Harel, E., 1979. Polyphenol oxidases in plants. Phytochemistry 18: 193-215.
Miskelly, D.M., 1984. Flour components affecting paste and noodle colour. Journal of Agricultural Food Chemistry 35: 463-471.
Nilthong, S., Graybosch, R.A. and Baenziger, P.S., 2012. Inheritance of grain polyphenol oxidase (PPO) activity in multiple wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) genetic backgrounds. Theoretical and Applied Genetics 125: 1705-1715.
Parker, G.D., Chalmers, K.J., Rathgen, A.J. and Langridge, P., 1998. Mapping loci associated with flour colour in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Theoretical and Applied Genetics 97: 238-245.
Si, H.Q., Ma, C.X., Wang, X.B. and He, X.F., 2012. Variability of polyphenol oxidase (PPO) alleles located on chromosomes 2A and 2D can change the wheat kernel PPO activity. Australian Journal of Crop Science 6: 444-449.
Stewart, J.N. and Via, L.E., 1993. A rapid CTAB DNA isolation technique useful for RAPD fingerprinting and other PCR applications. Biotechniques 14: 748-750.
Sun, D.J., 2005. Development of molecular marker for grain PPO activity and detection of flour yellow pigment candidate genes in bread wheat. PhD thesis, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China P.R.
Sun, D.J., He, Z.H., Xia, X.C., Zhang, L.P., Morris, C.F., Appels, R., Ma, W.J. and Wang, H., 2005. A novel STS marker for polyphenol oxidase activity in bread wheat. Molecular Breeding 16: 209-218.
Tian, J.C., 2007. Strategy of keeping quality of wheat flour and food color when the flour bleacher inhibited. Journal of Triticeae Crops 27: 364-367.
Udall, J., 1996. Important alleles for noodle quality in winter wheat as identified by molecular markers. MSc thesis, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, USA.
Wan, Y.X., Zhang, X.K., Xia, X.C., Zhang, P.Z. and He, Z.H., 2008. Development of multiplex PCR and identification of major quality genes in cultivars from Yellow and Huai River Valley wheat region. Scientia Agricultura Sinica 41: 643-653.
Wang, C., Jin, Y., Du, J. and Zhang, K., 2014. Effect of quality parameters on lipoxygenase activity of wheat malt. Quality Assurance and Safety of Crops & Foods 6: 183-189.
Wang, J.W., 2009. Cloning of phytoene synthase 1 (Psy1) genes in common wheat and related species and phylogenetic analysis of development of molecular markers. PhD thesis, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China P.R.
Wang, J.W., He, X.Y., He, Z.H., Wang, H. and Xia, X.C., 2009a. Cloning and phylogenetic analysis of phytoene synthase 1 (Psy1) genes in common wheat and related species. Hereditas 146: 208-256.
Wang, X.B., Ma, C.X., He, K.Q., Si, H.Q. and Zhang, Y.L., 2008a. Development and application of a STS marker for grain PPO gene located on chromosome 2D in common wheat. Scientia Agricultura Sinica 39: 1583-1590.
Wang, X.B., Ma, C.X., Si, H.Q. and He, X.F., 2008b. Classification of wheat PPO genes and effect of non-synonymous cSNP on kernel PPO activity. Chinese Journal of Agricultural Biotechnology 5: 81-86.
Wang, X.B., Ma, C.X., Si, H.Q., Qiao, Y.Q., Chang, C., He, X.F. and Xia, Y.X., 2009b. Gene markers for grain polyphenol oxidase activity in common wheat. Molecular Breeding 23: 163-170.
Wang, X.L., Sang, W., Xie, M.J., Xiang, J.S., Zhang, X.K., Mu, P.Y., Gao, Z. and Wang, H.L., 2012. Establishment and application of multiplex PCR systems for cultivar evaluation of high quality Xinjiang hand stretched noodle. Journal of Agricultural Biotechnology 20: 301-307.
Xin, Q.G., Wang, J.C., Yin, Y., Jiang, H.M., Yu, J.C., Yan, M.L. and Zhao, M., 2009. Research development of High-whiteness wheat breeding. Shandong Agricultural Sciences 41: 15-18.
Zhang, C.Y., Dong, C.H., He, X.Y., Zhang, L.P., Xia, X.C. and He, Z.H., 2011. Allelic variants at the TaZds-D1 locus on wheat chromosome 2DL and their association with yellow pigment content. Crop Science 51: 1580-1590.
Zhang, X.K., Liu, L., He, Z.H., Sun, D.J., He, X.Y., Xu, Z.H., Zhang, P.P., Chen, F. and Xia, X.C., 2008. Development of two multiplex PCR assays targeting improvement of bread-making and noodle qualities in common wheat. Plant Breeding 127: 109-115.
Zhang, Y.Q., Fu, X.J., Zhang, X.K., Zhang, X.H., Zhang, T.X., Ren, W.J. and Wei, Q., 2010. Detection and distribution of allelic variations of genes for grain yellow pigment content in Shaanxi wheat cultivars (lines). Journal of Triticeae Crops 30: 421-426.
Anderson, J.V. and Morris, C.F., 2001. An improved whole-seed assay for screening wheat germplasm for polyphenol oxidase activity. Crop Science 41: 1697-1705.
Beecher, B.S., Carter, A.H. and See, D.R., 2012. Genetic mapping of new seed-expressed polyphenol oxidase genes in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Theoretical and Applied Genetics 124: 1463-1473.
Cong, L., Wang, C., Chen, L., Liu, H.J., Yang, G.X. and He, G.Y., 2009. Expression of phytoene synthase1 and carotene desaturase crtI genes result in an increase in the total carotenoids content in transgenic elite wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Journal of Agricultural Food Chemistry 57: 8652-8660.
Cong, L., Wang, C., Li, Z.Q., Chen, L., Yang, G.X., Wang, Y.S. and He, G.Y., 2010. cDNA cloning and expression analysis of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) phytoene and ?-carotene desaturase genes. Molecular Biology Reports 37: 3351-3361.
Crosbie, G.B., Huang, S. and Barclay, I.R., 1998. Wheat quality requirements of Asian foods. Euphytica 100: 155-156.
Della Penna, D. and Pogson, B.J., 2006. Vitamin synthesis in plants: tocopherols and carotenoids. Annual Review of Plant Biology 57: 711-738.
Demeke, T., Morris, C.F., Campbell, K.G., King, G.E., Anderson, J.A. and Chang, H.G., 2001. Wheat polyphenol oxidase. Crop Science 41: 1750-1757.
Dong, C.H., Ma, Z.Y., Xia, X.C., Zhang, L.P. and He, Z.H., 2012. Allelic variation at the TaZds-A1 locus on wheat chromosome 2A and development of a functional marker in common wheat. Journal of Integrative Agriculture 11:1067-1074.
Fan, Q.Q., Gao, J., Huang, C.Y., Li, G.Y., Li, Y.L., Liu, A.F., Sui, X.X., Chu, X.S. and Cheng, D.G., 2012. Analysis of flour whiteness in wheat germplasm conserved in Shandong province. Journal of Plant Genetic Resources 13: 363-369.
Fu, B.X., 2008. Asian noodles: history, classification, raw materials, and processing. Food Research International 41: 888-902.
Geng, H.W., 2010. Mapping QTLs for lipoxygenase activity and development of functional markers for LOX gene in common wheat. PhD thesis, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Xinjiang, China P.R.
Geng, H.W., Xia, X.C., Zhang, L.P., Qu, Y.Y. and He, Z.H., 2012. Development of functional markers for a lipoxygenase gene on chromosome 4BS in common wheat. Crop Science 52: 568-576.
Geng, H.W., Zhang, Y., He, Z.H., Zhang, L.P., Appels, R., Qu, Y.Y. and Xia, X.C., 2011. Molecular markers for tracking variation in lipoxygenase activity in wheat breeding. Molecular Breeding 28: 117-126.
Goutam, U., Kukreja, S., Tiwari, R., Chaudhury, A., Gupta, R.K., Dholakia, B.B. and Yadav, R., 2013. Biotechnological approaches for grain quality improvement in wheat: present status and future possibilities. Australian Journal of Crop Science 7: 469-483.
Hart, G.E. and Langston, P.J., 1977. Chromosomal location and evolution of isozyme structural genes in hexaploid wheat. Heredity 39: 263-277.
He, X.Y., 2008. Cloning of genes associated with grain polyphenol oxidase activity and yellow pigment content in common wheat and its relatives and development of functional markers. PhD thesis, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China P.R.
He, X.Y., He, Z.H., Ma, W.J., Appels, R. and Xia, X.C., 2009. Allelic variants of phytoene synthase 1 (Psy1) genes in Chinese and CIMMYT wheat cultivars and development of functional markers for flour colour. Molecular Breeding 23: 553-563.
He, X.Y., He, Z.H., Zhang, L.P., Sun, D.J., Morris, C.F., Fuerst, E.P. and Xia, X.C., 2007. Allelic variation of polyphenol oxidase (PPO) genes located on chromosomes 2A and 2D and development of functional markers for the PPO genes in common wheat. Theoretical and Applied Genetics 115: 47-58.
He, X.Y., Zhang, Y.L., He, Z.H., Wu, Y.P., Xiao, Y.G., Ma, C.X. and Xia, X.C., 2008. Characterization of phytoene synthase 1 gene (Psy1) located on common wheat chromosome 7A and development of a functional marker. Theoretical and Applied Genetics 116: 213-221.
He, Z.H., Liu, A.H., Peña, R.J. and Rajaram, S., 2003. Suitability of Chinese wheat cultivars for production of northern style Chinese steamed bread. Euphytica 131:155-163.
He, Z.H., Xia, X.C. and Bonjean, A.P., 2010a. Wheat improvement in China. In: He, Z. and Bonjean, P.A. (eds.) Cereals in China. CIMMYT, Mexico, Mexico, pp. 51-68.
He, Z.H., Xia, X.C. and Zhang, Y., 2010b. Breeding noodle wheat in China. In: Hou, G.G. (ed.) Asian noodles: science, technology, and processing. Wiley, Hoboken, NJ, USA, pp. 1-23.
Hessler, T.G., Thomson, M.J., Benscher, D., Nachit, M.M. and Sorrells, M.E., 2002. Association of a lipoxygenase locus, Lpx-B1, with variation in lipoxygenase activity in durum seeds. Crop Science 42: 1695-1700.
Hirschberg, J., 2001. Carotenoid biosynthesis in flowering plants. Current Opinion in Plant Biology 4: 210-218.
Howitt, C.A., Cavanagh, C.R., Bowerman, A.F., Cazzonelli, C., Rampling, L., Mimica, J.L. and Pogson, B.J., 2009. Alternative splicing, activation of cryptic exons and amino acid substitutions in carotenoid biosynthetic genes are associated with lutein accumulation in wheat endosperm. Functional & Integrative Genomics 9: 363-376.
Jimenez, M. and Dubcovsky, J., 1999. Chromosome location of genes affecting polyphenol oxidase activity in seeds of common and durum wheat. Plant Breeding 118: 395-398.
Kuchel, H., Langridge, P., Mosionek, L., Williams, K. and Jefferies, S.P., 2006. The genetic control of milling yield, dough rheology and baking quality of wheat. Theoretical and Applied Genetics 112: 1487-1495.
Kumar, P., Yadava, R.K., Gollen, B., Kumar, S., Verma, R.K. and Yadav, S., 2011. Nutritional contents and medicinal properties of wheat: a review. Life Sciences and Medicine Research 22: 1-10.
Li, W.L., Faris, J.D., Chittoor, J.M., Leach, J.E., Hulbert, S.H., Liu, D.J., Chen, P.D. and Gill, B.S., 1999. Genomic mapping of defense response genes in wheat. Theoretical and Applied Genetics 98: 226-233.
Liavonchanka, A. and Feussner, I., 2006. Lipoxygenases: occurrence, functions and catalysis. Journal of plant physiology 163: 348-357.
Lindgren. L.O., Stalberg, K.G. and Hoglund, A.S., 2003. Seed-specific overexpression of an endogenous Arabidopsis phytoene synthase gene results in delayed germination and increased levels of carotenoids, chlorophyll, and abscisic acid. Plant Physiology 132: 779-785.
Liu, J.J., He, Z.H., Jiang, S.T., Zhu, L.X., Wu, X.Y. and Zhao, Z.D., 2002. Study on flour whiteness and its correlated factors of wheat commercial varieties. Shandong Agricultural Sciences 34: 10-12.
Liu, Y.N., He, Z.H., Appels, R. and Xia, X.C., 2012. Functional markers in wheat: current status and future prospects. Theoretical and Applied Genetics 125: 1-10.
Ma, W.J., Zhang, W. and Gale, K.R., 2003. Multiplex-PCR typing of high molecular weight glutenin alleles in wheat. Euphytica 134: 51-60.
Maphosa, L., 2013. Genetic control of grain quality in bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) grown under a range of environmental conditions. PhD thesis, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia.
Mares, D.J. and Campbell, A.W., 2001. Mapping components of flour and noodle colour in Australian wheat. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 52: 1297-1309.
Mares, D.J. and Panozzo, J.F., 1999. Impact of selection for low grain polyphenol oxidase activity on darkening in Asian noodles. In: Williamson, P., Banks, P., Haak, I., Thompson, J. and Campbell, A. (eds.) Proceedings of the 9th Assembly Wheat Breeding Society of Australia, September 27 – October 1, 1999, Toowoomba, Australia, pp. 32-33.
Mayer, A.M. and Harel, E., 1979. Polyphenol oxidases in plants. Phytochemistry 18: 193-215.
Miskelly, D.M., 1984. Flour components affecting paste and noodle colour. Journal of Agricultural Food Chemistry 35: 463-471.
Nilthong, S., Graybosch, R.A. and Baenziger, P.S., 2012. Inheritance of grain polyphenol oxidase (PPO) activity in multiple wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) genetic backgrounds. Theoretical and Applied Genetics 125: 1705-1715.
Parker, G.D., Chalmers, K.J., Rathgen, A.J. and Langridge, P., 1998. Mapping loci associated with flour colour in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Theoretical and Applied Genetics 97: 238-245.
Si, H.Q., Ma, C.X., Wang, X.B. and He, X.F., 2012. Variability of polyphenol oxidase (PPO) alleles located on chromosomes 2A and 2D can change the wheat kernel PPO activity. Australian Journal of Crop Science 6: 444-449.
Stewart, J.N. and Via, L.E., 1993. A rapid CTAB DNA isolation technique useful for RAPD fingerprinting and other PCR applications. Biotechniques 14: 748-750.
Sun, D.J., 2005. Development of molecular marker for grain PPO activity and detection of flour yellow pigment candidate genes in bread wheat. PhD thesis, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China P.R.
Sun, D.J., He, Z.H., Xia, X.C., Zhang, L.P., Morris, C.F., Appels, R., Ma, W.J. and Wang, H., 2005. A novel STS marker for polyphenol oxidase activity in bread wheat. Molecular Breeding 16: 209-218.
Tian, J.C., 2007. Strategy of keeping quality of wheat flour and food color when the flour bleacher inhibited. Journal of Triticeae Crops 27: 364-367.
Udall, J., 1996. Important alleles for noodle quality in winter wheat as identified by molecular markers. MSc thesis, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, USA.
Wan, Y.X., Zhang, X.K., Xia, X.C., Zhang, P.Z. and He, Z.H., 2008. Development of multiplex PCR and identification of major quality genes in cultivars from Yellow and Huai River Valley wheat region. Scientia Agricultura Sinica 41: 643-653.
Wang, C., Jin, Y., Du, J. and Zhang, K., 2014. Effect of quality parameters on lipoxygenase activity of wheat malt. Quality Assurance and Safety of Crops & Foods 6: 183-189.
Wang, J.W., 2009. Cloning of phytoene synthase 1 (Psy1) genes in common wheat and related species and phylogenetic analysis of development of molecular markers. PhD thesis, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China P.R.
Wang, J.W., He, X.Y., He, Z.H., Wang, H. and Xia, X.C., 2009a. Cloning and phylogenetic analysis of phytoene synthase 1 (Psy1) genes in common wheat and related species. Hereditas 146: 208-256.
Wang, X.B., Ma, C.X., He, K.Q., Si, H.Q. and Zhang, Y.L., 2008a. Development and application of a STS marker for grain PPO gene located on chromosome 2D in common wheat. Scientia Agricultura Sinica 39: 1583-1590.
Wang, X.B., Ma, C.X., Si, H.Q. and He, X.F., 2008b. Classification of wheat PPO genes and effect of non-synonymous cSNP on kernel PPO activity. Chinese Journal of Agricultural Biotechnology 5: 81-86.
Wang, X.B., Ma, C.X., Si, H.Q., Qiao, Y.Q., Chang, C., He, X.F. and Xia, Y.X., 2009b. Gene markers for grain polyphenol oxidase activity in common wheat. Molecular Breeding 23: 163-170.
Wang, X.L., Sang, W., Xie, M.J., Xiang, J.S., Zhang, X.K., Mu, P.Y., Gao, Z. and Wang, H.L., 2012. Establishment and application of multiplex PCR systems for cultivar evaluation of high quality Xinjiang hand stretched noodle. Journal of Agricultural Biotechnology 20: 301-307.
Xin, Q.G., Wang, J.C., Yin, Y., Jiang, H.M., Yu, J.C., Yan, M.L. and Zhao, M., 2009. Research development of High-whiteness wheat breeding. Shandong Agricultural Sciences 41: 15-18.
Zhang, C.Y., Dong, C.H., He, X.Y., Zhang, L.P., Xia, X.C. and He, Z.H., 2011. Allelic variants at the TaZds-D1 locus on wheat chromosome 2DL and their association with yellow pigment content. Crop Science 51: 1580-1590.
Zhang, X.K., Liu, L., He, Z.H., Sun, D.J., He, X.Y., Xu, Z.H., Zhang, P.P., Chen, F. and Xia, X.C., 2008. Development of two multiplex PCR assays targeting improvement of bread-making and noodle qualities in common wheat. Plant Breeding 127: 109-115.
Zhang, Y.Q., Fu, X.J., Zhang, X.K., Zhang, X.H., Zhang, T.X., Ren, W.J. and Wei, Q., 2010. Detection and distribution of allelic variations of genes for grain yellow pigment content in Shaanxi wheat cultivars (lines). Journal of Triticeae Crops 30: 421-426.
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Oct 9, 2015
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