Exploring the bioactive properties of Cornelian Cherry (Cornus mas L.) fruits and leaves: A pilot study of leaves applications in laying hens’ nutrition
Main Article Content
Keywords
Cornelian cherry; antioxidants; feed additive; laying hen; eggs quality
Abstract
Cornelian cherry (Cornus mas L.) fruits are well known for their health benefits, but when comparing the nutritional composition of different parts of the plant, the leaves appear to be a more valuable source of nutrients. The concentrations of carotenoids and vitamin E levels in the leaves were higher than in the fruits. Among individual tocopherols, the most significant difference between fruits and leaves was observed for α-tocopherol. Regarding the polyphenol composition, the major class determined was phenolic acids, expressed as hydroxy-benzoic, gallic, and ellagic acids, but the most important was ferulic acid. The major flavonoids quantified were epicatechin and epigallocatechin. Cornelian cherry leaves were selected as a potential feed additive in laying hens’ nutrition, and an experimental trial was performed. Laying hens’ dietary supplementation of Cornelian cherry positively affected egg quality characteristics, by improving the retinol, astaxanthin, and polyphenols concentrations in egg yolk. Tocopherols were negatively influenced, and no significant effect was observed on lutein concentrations. The administration of Cornelian cherry as a dietary supplement produced a favorable impact on oxidative stability during the shelf life of eggs. The Cornelian cherry supplements, rich in natural antioxidants such as polyphenols and vitamins, not only enhance the antioxidant capacity of the animal product but also contribute to yolk quality maintenance over storage periods by reducing the formation of oxidation products.
References
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Varzaru, I., Oancea, A.G., Vlaicu, P.A., Saracila, M. and Untea, A.E., 2023. Exploring the antioxidant potential of blackberry and raspberry leaves: Phytochemical analysis, scavenging activity, and in vitro polyphenol bioaccessibility. Antioxidants 12: 2125. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox12122125
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Yadav, A.S., 2023. Collating antioxidant, reducing and metal chelating properties of spices and Acacia. Food Chemistry Advances 2: 100257. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.focha.2023.100257
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Bayram, H.M. and Ozturkcan, S.A., 2020. Bioactive components and biological properties of cornelian cherry (Cornus mas L.): A comprehensive review. Journal of Functional Foods 75: 104252. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jff.2020.104252
Botsoglou, E.N., Govaris, A.K., Ambrosiadis, I.A. and Fletouris, D.J., 2013. Olive leaves (Olea europaea L.) versus α‐tocopheryl acetate as dietary supplements for enhancing the oxidative stability of eggs enriched with very‐long‐chain n‐3 fatty acids. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture 93: 2053–2060. https://doi.org/10.1002/jsfa.6017
Chen, X., Yan, Z., Zhang, B., Zeng, L., Chowdhury, U., Pabitra, M.H., et al. 2025. Lutein and astaxanthin supplementation induce competitive inhibition of carotenoid deposition in egg yolk. Animals 15: 1869. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15131869
Chukwuebuka, E. and Chinenye, I.J., 2015. Biological functions and anti-nutritional effects of phytochemicals in living system. Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biological Sciences 10: 10–19.
Cosmulescu, S., Cornescu Fratutu, F. and Radutoiu, D., 2020. Determination of morphological characteristics of leaves in cornelian cherry (Cornus mas L.). Romanian Biotechnological Letters 25: 1754–1758.
Cosmulescu, S.N., Trandafir, I. and Cornescu, F., 2018. Antioxidant capacity, total phenols, total flavonoids and colour component of Cornelian cherry (Cornus mas L.) wild genotypes. Notulae Botanicae Horti Agrobotanici Cluj-Napoca 47(2): 390–394. https://doi.org/10.15835/nbha47111375
Danielewski, M., Rapak, A., Kruszyńska, A., Małodobra-Mazur, M., Oleszkiewicz, P., Dzimira, S., et al. 2024. Cornelian cherry (Cornus mas L.) fruit extract lowers SREBP-1c and C/EBPα in liver and alters various PPAR-α, PPAR-γ, LXR-α target genes in cholesterol-rich diet rabbit model. International Journal of Molecular Sciences 25: 1199. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25021199
Dansou, D.M., Zhang, H., Yu, Y., Wang, H., Tang, C., Zhao, Q., et al. 2023. Carotenoid enrichment in eggs: From biochemistry perspective. Animal Nutrition 14: 315–333. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aninu.2023.05.012
Dias, M.G., Camões, M.F.G. and Oliveira, L., 2014. Carotenoid stability in fruits, vegetables and working standards–Effect of storage temperature and time. Food Chemistry 156: 37–41. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2014.01.050
Dinda, B., Kyriakopoulos, A.M., Dinda, S., Zoumpourlis, V., Thomaidis, N.S., Velegraki, A., et al. 2016. Cornus mas L. (cornelian cherry), an important European and Asian traditional food and medicine: Ethnomedicine, phytochemistry and pharmacology for its commercial utilization in drug industry. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 193: 670–690. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2016.09.042
Forman, V., Trush, K., Konôpková, J., Ferus, P., Czigle, S., Mučaji, P., et al. 2025. Phenolic compounds profiling of nine dogwood species (Cornus L.) leaves. PeerJ 13: e19457. https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.19457
Güzel, N., 2021. Morphometric and physico-chemical properties of Cornelian cherry (Cornus mas L.) grown in Çorum, Turkey. Akademik Gıda 19: 373–380. https://doi.org/10.24323/akademik-gida.1050750
Halliwell, B. and Gutteridge, J.M.C., 2015. Free radicals in biology and medicine. 5th ed. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198717478.001.0001
Herranz, B., Romero, C., Sánchez-Román, I., López-Torres, M., Viveros, A., Arija, I., et al. 2024. Enriching eggs with bioactive compounds through the inclusion of grape pomace in laying hens diet: Effect on internal and external egg quality parameters. Foods 13: 1553. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods13101553
Hossain, M.M., Rahim, M.A. and Haque, M.R., 2021. Biochemical properties of some important underutilized minor fruits. Journal of Agriculture Food Research 5: 100148. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jafr.2021.100148
Ibrahim, D., Moustafa, A., Metwally, A.S., Nassan, M.A., Abdallah, K., Eldemery, F., et al. 2021. Potential application of Cornelian cherry extract on broiler chickens: Growth, expression of antioxidant biomarker and glucose transport genes, and oxidative stability of frozen meat. Animals 11: 1038. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani11041038
Kazimierski, M., Reguła, J. and Molska, M., 2019. Cornelian cherry (Cornus mas L.)—Characteristics, nutritional and pro-health properties. Acta Scientiarum Polonorum, Technologia Alimentaria 18: 5–12. https://doi.org/10.17306/J.AFS.2019.0628
Lidiková, J., Čeryová, N., Grygorieva, O., Bobková, A., Bobko, M., Árvay, J., et al. 2024. Cornelian cherry (Cornus mas L.) as a promising source of antioxidant phenolic substances and minerals. European Food Research and Technology 250: 1745–1754. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00217-024-04513-z
Lioliopoulou, S., Papadopoulos, G.A., Giannenas, I., Vasilopoulou, K., Squires, C., Fortomaris, P., et al. 2023. Effects of dietary supplementation of pomegranate peel with xylanase on egg quality and antioxidant parameters in laying hens. Antioxidants 12: 208. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox12010208
Lioliopoulou, S., Papadopoulos, G.A., Mantzouridou, F.T., Giannenas, I., Kalogeropoulou, A.G., Lioupi, A., et al. 2024. Pomegranate peel dietary supplementation in laying hens affects egg yolk color and eggshell quality, decreases yolk lipid oxidation and influences yolk lipidomic profile. Journal of Applied Poultry Research 33: 100495. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.japr.2024.100495
Rbah, Y., Taaifi, Y., Allay, A., Mansouri, F., Belhaj, K., Houmy, N., et al. 2025. Optimization of hemp seed supplementation with phytobiotics in laying hen feed to improve egg yolk fatty acids, tocopherols and cholesterol using response surface models. Frontiers in Sustainable Food Systems 9: 1566447. https://doi.org/10.3389/fsufs.2025.1566447
Reboul, E., Thap, S., Tourniaire, F., André, M., Juhel, C., Morange, S., et al. 2007. Differential effect of dietary antioxidant classes (carotenoids, polyphenols, vitamins C and E) on lutein absorption. British Journal of Nutrition 97: 440–446. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007114507352604
Romero, C., Arija, I., Viveros, A. and Chamorro, S. 2022. Productive performance, egg quality and yolk lipid oxidation in laying hens fed diets including grape pomace or grape extract. Animals 12: 1076. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani12091076
Salejda, A.M., Kucharska, A.Z. and Krasnowska, G., 2018. Effect of Cornelian cherry (Cornus mas L.) juice on selected quality properties of beef burgers. Journal of Food Quality 1: 1563651. https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/1563651
Saracila, M., Untea, A.E., Oancea, A.G., Varzaru, I. and Vlaicu, P.A., 2024. Comparative analysis of black chokeberry (Aronia melanocarpa L.) fruit, leaves, and pomace for their phytochemical composition, antioxidant potential, and polyphenol bioaccessibility. Foods 13: 1856. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods13121856
Saracila, M., Untea, A.E., Panaite, T.D., Varzaru, I., Oancea, A., Turcu, R.P., et al. 2022. Creeping wood sorrel and chromium picolinate effect on the nutritional composition and lipid oxidative stability of broiler meat. Antioxidants 11: 780. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox11040780
Sevindik, M., Khassanov, V.T., Sevindik, E., Uysal, I. and Mohammed, F.S., 2024. Cornelian Cherry (Cornus mas L.): A comprehensive review on its usage areas, biological activities, mineral, phenolic and chemical contents and applications. Applied Fruit Science 66(5): 2061–2071. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10341-024-01151-3
Surai, P.F., Speake, B.K. and Sparks, N.H.C., 2001. Carotenoids in avian nutrition and embryonic development. Absorption, availability and levels in plasma and egg yolk. The Journal of Poultry Science 38: 1–27. https://doi.org/10.2141/jpsa.38.1
Szczepaniak, O.M., Kobus-Cisowska, J., Kusek, W. and Przeor, M., 2019. Functional properties of Cornelian cherry (Cornus mas L.): A comprehensive review. European Food Research and Technology 245: 2071–2087. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00217-019-03313-0
Tenuta, M.C., Deguin, B., Loizzo, M.R., Cuyamendous, C., Bonesi, M., Sicari, V., et al. 2022. An overview of traditional uses, phytochemical compositions and biological activities of edible fruits of European and Asian Cornus species. Foods 11: 1240. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods11091240
Untea, A.E., Oancea, A.-G., Vlaicu, P.A., Varzaru, I. and Saracila, M. 2024. Blackcurrant (fruits, pomace, and leaves) phenolic characterization before and after in vitro digestion, free radical scavenger capacity, and antioxidant effects on iron-mediated lipid peroxidation. Foods 13: 1514. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods13101514
Untea, A.E., Varzaru, I., Panaite, T.D., Gavris, T., Lupu, A. and Ropota, M., 2020. The effects of dietary inclusion of bilberry and walnut leaves in laying hens’ diets on the antioxidant properties of eggs. Animals 10: 191. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani10020191
Untea, A.E., Varzaru, I., Saracila, M., Panaite, T.D., Oancea, A.G., et al. 2023. Antioxidant properties of cranberry leaves and walnut meal and their effect on nutritional quality and oxidative stability of broiler breast meat. Antioxidants 12: 1084. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox12051084
Varzaru, I., Oancea, A.G., Vlaicu, P.A., Saracila, M. and Untea, A.E., 2023. Exploring the antioxidant potential of blackberry and raspberry leaves: Phytochemical analysis, scavenging activity, and in vitro polyphenol bioaccessibility. Antioxidants 12: 2125. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox12122125
Varzaru, I., Untea, A.E., Panaite, T. and Olteanu, M., 2021. Effect of dietary phytochemicals from tomato peels and rosehip meal on the lipid peroxidation of eggs from laying hens. Archives of Animal Nutrition 75: 18–30. https://doi.org/10.1080/1745039X.2020.1813515
Vlaicu, P.A., Oancea, A.G., Saracila, M., Varzaru, I. and Untea, A.E., 2025. Unveiling the nutrients profile of wild black elderberry (Sambucus nigra L.) flowers, berries and leaves from Northern and Southern Romanian regions as potential source of pro-health bioactives in human nutrition. Applied Food Research 5: 101139. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.afres.2025.101139
Vlaicu, P.A. and Untea, A.E., 2024. Application of natural antioxidants from fruits waste for improving egg quality characteristics. Applied Sciences 14: 10437. https://doi.org/10.3390/app142210437
Vlaicu, P.A., Untea, A.E., Lefter, N.A., Oancea, A.G., Saracila, M. and Varzaru, I., 2024. Influence of rosehip (Rosa canina L.) leaves as feed additive during first stage of laying hens on performances and egg quality characteristics. Poultry Science 103: 103990. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psj.2024.103990
Vlaicu, P.A., Untea, A.E., Turcu, R.P., Panaite, T.D. and Saracila, M., 2022. Rosehip (Rosa canina L.) Meal as a natural antioxidant on lipid and protein quality and shelf-life of polyunsaturated fatty acids enriched eggs. Antioxidants 11: 1948. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox11101948
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