Quality-grade analysis of velvet antler materials using ultra-weak delayed luminescence combined with chemometrics
Main Article Content
Keywords
quality grades, velvet antler, delayed luminescence, chemometrics, herbal quality control
Abstract
The pharmacological properties of velvet antler, a well-known animal-derived traditional Chinese medicine material and functional food, are extensively acknowledged globally. However, there are significant restrictions on the quality standard and control system of velvet antler. The four quality grades of velvet antler slices taken from Cervus nippon Temminck and Cervus elaphus Linnaeus were evaluated in this study using delayed luminescence (DL) and chemical analysis of protein and amino acid content. Our results demonstrated a significant degree of consistency in the assessment impacts of the measurements for identifying velvet antler slices of different quality grades from Cervus nippon Temminck and Cervus elaphus Linnaeus. Additionally, it is possible to distinguish velvet antler slices of Rangifer tarandus from those of other deer species by exploiting DL parameters (i.e., I0, Beta, Tau, and T). Moreover, there is a strong correlation between the DL parameters and particular amino acids detected in velvet antler slices. As an innovative, quick, and systematic methodology, DL enables the examination of the overall property of various grades of velvet antler slices. The integrated assessment using DL and chemical components can give a novel method for determining the quality of animal-derived herbs and functional foods.
References
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He, M., Van Wijk, E., Wietmarschen, H., Wang, M., Sun, M., Koval, S., Van Wijk, R., Hankemeier, T., and van der Greef, J., 2017. Spontaneous ultra-weak photon emission in correlation to inflammatory metabolism and oxidative stress in a mouse model of collagen-induced arthritis. Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology B: Biology 168: 98–106. 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2016.12.036
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Scordino, A., Baran, I., Gulino, M., Ganea, C., Grasso, R., Niggli, J., and Musumeci, F., 2014. Ultra-weak delayed luminescence in cancer research: a review of the results by the ARETUSA equipment. Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology B: Biology. 139: 76–84. 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2014.03.027
Scordino, A., Grasso, R., Gulino, M., Lanzanò, L., Musumeci, F., Privitera, G., Tedesco, M., Triglia, A., and Brizhik, L., 2010. Delayed luminescence from collagen as arising from soliton and small polaron states. International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 110: 221–229. 10.1002/qua.22010
Sui, Z., Zhang, L., and Huo, Y., 2014. Bioactive components of velvet antlers and their pharmacological properties. Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis 87: 229–240. 10.1016/j.jpba.2013.07.044
Sun, Q., 2017a. Research on the anti-aging medicines of ancient Chinese materia medica books. Doctoral dissertation, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences (CACMS), Beijing, Dongcheng, China.
Sun, M., Chang, W.T., van Wijk, E., He, M., Koval, S., Lin, MK., van Wijk, R., Hankemeier, T., van der Greef, J., and Wang, M., 2017b. Characterization of the therapeutic properties of Chinese herbal materials by measuring delayed luminescence and dendritic cell-based immunomodulatory response. Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology B: Biology 168: 1–11. 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2017.01.018
Sun, M., Chang, W.T., van Wijk, E., He, M., Van Wijk, R., and Wang, M., 2018. Application of delayed luminescence method on measuring of the processing of Chinese herbal materials. Chinese Medicine 13: 43. 10.1186/s13020-018-0202-0
Sun, M., He, M., Korthout, H., Halima, M., Kim, HY., Yan, Y., Van Wijk, E., Van Wijk, R., Guo, C., and Wang, M., 2019a. Characterization of ginsenoside extracts by delayed luminescence, high-performance liquid chromatography, and bioactivity tests. Photochemical & Photobiological Sciences 18: 1138–1146. 10.1039/c8pp00533h
Sun, M., Li, L., Wang, M., van Wijk, E., He, M., van Wijk, R., Koval, R., Hankemeier, T., van Greef, J., and Wei, S., 2016a. Efects of growth altitude on chemical constituents and delayed luminescence properties in medicinal rhubarb. Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology B: Biology 162: 24–33. 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2016.06.018
Sun, M., van Wijk, R., Van Wijk, E., Wang, M., Wietmarschen, H., Hankemeier, T., and van der Greef, J., 2016b. Delayed luminescence: an experimental protocol for Chinese herbal medicines. Luminescence 31: 1220–1228. 10.1002/bio.3094
Sun, M., Wang, S., Jing, Y., Li, L., He, M., Jia, Y., Van Wijk, E., Wang, Y., Wang, Z., and Wang, M., 2019b. Application of delayed luminescence measurements for the identifcation of herbal materials: a step toward rapid quality control. Chinese Medicine 14: 47. 10.1186/s13020-019-0269-2
Sun, M., Wu, H., He, M., Jia, Y., Wang, L., Liu, T., Hui, L., Li, L., Wei, S., Van Wijk, E., Van Wijk, R., Tsim, K., Li, C., and Wang, M., 2020. Integrated assessment of medicinal rhubarb by combination of delayed luminescence and HPLC fngerprint with emphasized on bioactivities based quality control. Chinese Medicine 15: 72. 10.1186/s13020-020-00352-8
Sun, W., Zhao, H., Wang, X., Li, G., 2019c. Analysis on differential metabolites of cervi cornu pantotrichum based onmetabolomics. Zhong Cao Yao 20: 5047–5053. 10.7501/j.issn.0253-2670.2019.20.029
Xia, P., Liu, D., Jiao, Y., Wang, Zhao., Chen, X., Zheng, S., Fang, J., and Hao, L., 2022. Health effects of peptides extracted from deer antler. Nutrients 14(19): 4183. 10.3390/nu14194183
Xu, Y., Song, W., Zhou, P., Li, P., and Li, H., 2015. Morphological and microscopic characterization of fve commonly-used testacean traditional chinese medicines. Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica B 5: 358–366. 10.1016/j.apsb.2015.03.014
Yao, M., Hu, S., Zhang, H., Sun, J., 2016. Quality evaluation of cartialgenous and its products. Jilin Journal of Traditional Chinese Medicine. 36: 594–597. 10.13463/j.cnki.jlzyy.2016.06.016
Zhang, L., Wang, J., Li, T., Li, P., Wang, Y., Yang, M., Liu, J., Liu, J., 2019. Determination of the chemical components and phospholipids of velvet antler using UPLC/QTOF-MS coupled with UNIFI software. Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine 17: 3789–3799. 10.3892/etm.2019.7372
Zhao, L., Wang, X., Zhang, X., Xie, Q., 2016. Purification and identification of anti-inflammatory peptides derived from simulated gastrointestinal digests of velvet antler protein (Cervus elaphus Linnaeus). Journal of Food and Drug Analysis 24: 376–384. 10.1016/j.jfda.2015.10.003
Chinese Pharmacopoeia Commission. 2020. Pharmacopoeia of the People’s Republic of China. China Medical Science Press, Beijing, China.
Cline, M., Smoot, M., Cerami, E., Kuchinsky, A., Landys, N., Workman, C., Christmas, R., Avila-Campilo, I., Creech, M., et al. 2007. Integration of biological networks and gene expression data using cytoscape. Nature Protocols 2: 2366–2382. 10.1038/nprot.2007.324
Ding, Y., Ko, S., Moon, S., and Lee, S., 2019. Protective effects of novel antioxidant peptide purified from alcalase hydrolysate of velvet antler against oxidative stress in chang liver cells in vitro and in a zebrafish model in vivo. International Journal of Molecular Sciences 20: 5187. 10.3390/ijms20205187
Fan, S., Zhu, J., He, M., Wang, N., Xu, X., Pang, J., Yan, Y., Li, L., Yang, J., Chang, W., Chang, T., Han, J. and Sun, M, 2020. Investigation of quality assessment for different grades of velvet antler: a strategy combined microscopic observation, delayed luminescence and chemical analysis. Research Square 8: PPR199206. 10.21203/rs.3.rs-55925/v1
Gong, W. and Li, F., 2014. Quality evaluation on different specifications of Cervi Cornu Pantotrichum with its effect on ovariectomized osteoporosis model rats. China Journal of Chinese Materia Medica 39: 2326–2329. 10.4268/cjcmm20141235
Gong, R., Wang, Y., Gao, K., Zhang, L., Liu, C., Wang, Z., Wang, Y., and Sun, Y., 2019. Quantification of furosine (Ne-(2-Furoylmethyl)-l-lysine) in different parts of velvet antler with various processing methods and factors affecting its formation. Molecules 24: 1255. 10.3390/molecules24071255
Grasso, R., Musumeci, F., Triglia, A., Brizhik, L., Scordino, A., 2019. Impact of structure on the delayed luminescence of-d-Glucose-based polymer chains. Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology B: Biology 1: 111589. 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2019.111589
He, M., Van Wijk, E., Wietmarschen, H., Wang, M., Sun, M., Koval, S., Van Wijk, R., Hankemeier, T., and van der Greef, J., 2017. Spontaneous ultra-weak photon emission in correlation to inflammatory metabolism and oxidative stress in a mouse model of collagen-induced arthritis. Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology B: Biology 168: 98–106. 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2016.12.036
Ho, M., Musumeci, F., Scordino, A., Triglia, A., and Privitera, G., 2002. Delayed luminescence from bovine Achilles’ tendon and its dependence on collagen structure. Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology B: Biology 66: 165–170. 10.1016/S1011-1344(02)00239-7
Jia, Y., Sun, M., Shi, Y., Zhu, Z., Van Wijk, E., Van Wijk, R., van Andel, Tinde., and Wang, M., 2020. A comparative study of aged and contemporary Chinese herbal materials by using delayed luminescence technique. Chinese Medicine 15: 6. 10.1186/s13020-020-0287-0
Lee, S., Yang, H., Ding, Y., Wang, Y., Jeon, Y., Moon, S., Jeon, B., and Sung, S., 2015. Anti-inflammatory effects of enzymatic hydrolysates of velvet antler in RAW 264.7 cells in vitro and zebrafish model. EXCLI Journal 14: 1122–1132. 10.17179/excli2015-481
Liu, X., 2019. Quality analysis of different specifications of antler pieces. Master’s Dissertation, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Jilin, Changchun, Chaoyang District, Changchun.
Liu, W., Li, C., Ba, H., Zhao, H., 2020. Studies on untargeted metabolomics of the four portions of velvet antlersin Sika deer (Cervus nippon). Journal of Jilin Agricultural University. 42: 13. 10.13327/j.jjlau.2019.4627
Luo, W., Zhao, H., Qi, X., Guan, Q., Liu, J., Zhang, Z., Li, Chun., 2017. Research progress on identification and quality control of cervi cornu pantotrichum. China Journal of Chinese Materia Medica 42: 4110–4114. 10.19540/j.cnki.cjcmm.20171016.002
Qiu, Y., Deng, Y., Che, J., Ma, H., and Shen, G., 2019. Review of animal drug identification. Journal of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine. 42: 74–77. 10.13593/j.cnki.51-1501/r.2019.02.074
Scordino, A., Baran, I., Gulino, M., Ganea, C., Grasso, R., Niggli, J., and Musumeci, F., 2014. Ultra-weak delayed luminescence in cancer research: a review of the results by the ARETUSA equipment. Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology B: Biology. 139: 76–84. 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2014.03.027
Scordino, A., Grasso, R., Gulino, M., Lanzanò, L., Musumeci, F., Privitera, G., Tedesco, M., Triglia, A., and Brizhik, L., 2010. Delayed luminescence from collagen as arising from soliton and small polaron states. International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 110: 221–229. 10.1002/qua.22010
Sui, Z., Zhang, L., and Huo, Y., 2014. Bioactive components of velvet antlers and their pharmacological properties. Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis 87: 229–240. 10.1016/j.jpba.2013.07.044
Sun, Q., 2017a. Research on the anti-aging medicines of ancient Chinese materia medica books. Doctoral dissertation, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences (CACMS), Beijing, Dongcheng, China.
Sun, M., Chang, W.T., van Wijk, E., He, M., Koval, S., Lin, MK., van Wijk, R., Hankemeier, T., van der Greef, J., and Wang, M., 2017b. Characterization of the therapeutic properties of Chinese herbal materials by measuring delayed luminescence and dendritic cell-based immunomodulatory response. Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology B: Biology 168: 1–11. 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2017.01.018
Sun, M., Chang, W.T., van Wijk, E., He, M., Van Wijk, R., and Wang, M., 2018. Application of delayed luminescence method on measuring of the processing of Chinese herbal materials. Chinese Medicine 13: 43. 10.1186/s13020-018-0202-0
Sun, M., He, M., Korthout, H., Halima, M., Kim, HY., Yan, Y., Van Wijk, E., Van Wijk, R., Guo, C., and Wang, M., 2019a. Characterization of ginsenoside extracts by delayed luminescence, high-performance liquid chromatography, and bioactivity tests. Photochemical & Photobiological Sciences 18: 1138–1146. 10.1039/c8pp00533h
Sun, M., Li, L., Wang, M., van Wijk, E., He, M., van Wijk, R., Koval, R., Hankemeier, T., van Greef, J., and Wei, S., 2016a. Efects of growth altitude on chemical constituents and delayed luminescence properties in medicinal rhubarb. Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology B: Biology 162: 24–33. 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2016.06.018
Sun, M., van Wijk, R., Van Wijk, E., Wang, M., Wietmarschen, H., Hankemeier, T., and van der Greef, J., 2016b. Delayed luminescence: an experimental protocol for Chinese herbal medicines. Luminescence 31: 1220–1228. 10.1002/bio.3094
Sun, M., Wang, S., Jing, Y., Li, L., He, M., Jia, Y., Van Wijk, E., Wang, Y., Wang, Z., and Wang, M., 2019b. Application of delayed luminescence measurements for the identifcation of herbal materials: a step toward rapid quality control. Chinese Medicine 14: 47. 10.1186/s13020-019-0269-2
Sun, M., Wu, H., He, M., Jia, Y., Wang, L., Liu, T., Hui, L., Li, L., Wei, S., Van Wijk, E., Van Wijk, R., Tsim, K., Li, C., and Wang, M., 2020. Integrated assessment of medicinal rhubarb by combination of delayed luminescence and HPLC fngerprint with emphasized on bioactivities based quality control. Chinese Medicine 15: 72. 10.1186/s13020-020-00352-8
Sun, W., Zhao, H., Wang, X., Li, G., 2019c. Analysis on differential metabolites of cervi cornu pantotrichum based onmetabolomics. Zhong Cao Yao 20: 5047–5053. 10.7501/j.issn.0253-2670.2019.20.029
Xia, P., Liu, D., Jiao, Y., Wang, Zhao., Chen, X., Zheng, S., Fang, J., and Hao, L., 2022. Health effects of peptides extracted from deer antler. Nutrients 14(19): 4183. 10.3390/nu14194183
Xu, Y., Song, W., Zhou, P., Li, P., and Li, H., 2015. Morphological and microscopic characterization of fve commonly-used testacean traditional chinese medicines. Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica B 5: 358–366. 10.1016/j.apsb.2015.03.014
Yao, M., Hu, S., Zhang, H., Sun, J., 2016. Quality evaluation of cartialgenous and its products. Jilin Journal of Traditional Chinese Medicine. 36: 594–597. 10.13463/j.cnki.jlzyy.2016.06.016
Zhang, L., Wang, J., Li, T., Li, P., Wang, Y., Yang, M., Liu, J., Liu, J., 2019. Determination of the chemical components and phospholipids of velvet antler using UPLC/QTOF-MS coupled with UNIFI software. Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine 17: 3789–3799. 10.3892/etm.2019.7372
Zhao, L., Wang, X., Zhang, X., Xie, Q., 2016. Purification and identification of anti-inflammatory peptides derived from simulated gastrointestinal digests of velvet antler protein (Cervus elaphus Linnaeus). Journal of Food and Drug Analysis 24: 376–384. 10.1016/j.jfda.2015.10.003
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Oct 2, 2023
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Zhu, J., Fan, S., He, M., Wang, N., Xu, X., Pang, J., Yan, Y., Li, L., Yang, J., Chang, W.-T., Chang, T.-T., Zhao, Y., Han, J., & Sun, M. (2023). Quality-grade analysis of velvet antler materials using ultra-weak delayed luminescence combined with chemometrics. Quality Assurance and Safety of Crops & Foods, 15(4), 1-10. https://doi.org/10.15586/qas.v15i4.1311
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This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
How to Cite
Zhu, J., Fan, S., He, M., Wang, N., Xu, X., Pang, J., Yan, Y., Li, L., Yang, J., Chang, W.-T., Chang, T.-T., Zhao, Y., Han, J., & Sun, M. (2023). Quality-grade analysis of velvet antler materials using ultra-weak delayed luminescence combined with chemometrics. Quality Assurance and Safety of Crops & Foods, 15(4), 1-10. https://doi.org/10.15586/qas.v15i4.1311